Global Landing Site Access Using Atmospheric Skip Trajectories

Mars direct entry, without going into orbit, does not provide global access to all landing site latitudes. Latitudes accessible via direct entry trajectories consist of a ring around the backside of the planet, centered about V infinity. Landing sites outside this ring can be achieved using a modified approach trajectory entering the atmosphere over the South Pole "aerocapture fashion" that will skip out to an altitude above the atmosphere and then re-enter the atmosphere a second time and continue to toward the North Pole. The first aerocapture maneuver is aligned to provide an exit orbit that contains the desired landing site with an apoapsis computed to provide proper ranging for the second entry. A powered maneuver is utilized during the exoatmospheric phase to remove altitude and flight path deviations due to uncertainties in the atmosphere occurring during the first entry. Three guidance schemes are required for global landing site access analysis. Aerocapture guidance was used for the first atmospheric entry, Shuttle Powered Explicit Guidance was used for the exoatmospheric maneuver, and Apollo Derived Entry Guidance was used for the second atmospheric entry. An altimeter to update the onboard navigation state after the first atmospheric entry, was required to remove accumulated deadreckoning navigation errors and achieve reasonable range errors at chute deploy.